Asbestos is a group of fibrous minerals that were once commonly used in construction and industrial materials. The high tensile strength and extreme resistance to heat and chemicals were highly sought in industrial projects, and asbestos provided that in many capacities. Previous studies concluded that asbestos was carcinogenic, leading to the Environmental Protection Agency’s ban of asbestos in 1989, though the government began regulating its use in the 1970s. Although asbestos is no longer used in the same capacity as it once was, it may still remain in older homes and buildings.

Although it may be present in some building structures today, it becomes a hazard when these building undergo remodeling or demolition — when the areas that contain asbestos are disturbed and fibers are released in the air. Not all types of asbestos are associated with cancer, however. The size, shape, and chemical composition of an asbestos fiber determines how it affects your health. Long, thin fibers are more likely to be deposited deep into the lungs, while shorter, wider fiber particles are less likely to invade the lungs, but still may cause adverse health effects.

Health Affects of Asbestos Exposure Serious health risks are associated with exposure to asbestos. Exposure primarily affects the lungs, resulting in the scarring of the lungs, lung cancer and mesothelioma. Some studies suggest that exposure may be related to the development of throat cancer, colon cancer, and possibly other types, although this is debated. People who suffer from health problems related to asbestos were likely exposed prior to the 1970s. The health effects of asbestos exposure are not immediate.

There is a latent period of about 20 to 30 years before symptoms began to present themselves. Those with significant exposure may benefit from having regular chest x-rays and other diagnostic tests to monitor for any changes within the lungs. The scarring of the lungs, called asbestosis, is caused by the inhalation of asbestos fibers. This is a non-malignant lung disease that causes severe shortness of breath. The disease cannot be cured; however, it can be managed. Lung cancer is another concern for those who have been exposed to asbestos. Those who are exposed are at risk of both small cell carcinoma and non-small cell carcinoma.

The risk of developing lung cancer after being exposed to asbestos is greatly increased in smokers, although non-smokers are still at risk. Mesothelioma is a rare type of aggressive cancer that is caused by asbestos exposure. This type of cancer affects the mesothelium, the membrane that lines each of the body cavities. About 2,000 people are diagnosed with mesothelioma in the U.S. each year. Who is Most at Risk of an Asbestos Related Disease?

The workplace was once a common place for some workers to be exposed to asbestos. Occupations that are at the most risk of being exposed to asbestos are:

* miners * shipyard workers * automotive workers, especially those who manufactired brake linings and clutches * railroad workers * insulation manufacturers and installers * construction workers * gas mask manufacturers * firefighters * demolition workers Family members of workers are thought have a small increased risk of developing an asbestos-related illness.

Asbestos fibers may have collected on the clothing during the workday and could have been inhaled by children and spouses when the worker came home each day. If you think you may be at risk of an asbestos-related illness, please talk to your doctor about your risk. Together, you can make a decision regarding your health and possible preventative/screening methods that may be available to you.

A flu vaccine is the single best way to protect against influenza illness. This season, there is a seasonal flu vaccine to protect against seasonal flu viruses and a 2009 H1N1 vaccine to protect against the 2009 H1N1 influenza virus (sometimes called “swine flu”).

This page contains information about the 2009 H1N1 flu vaccine.

There are two kinds of 2009 H1N1 vaccines being produced:

• A 2009 H1N1 “flu shot” — an inactivated vaccine (containing killed virus) that is given with a needle, usually in the arm. The indications for who can get the 2009 H1N1 flu shot are the same as for seasonal flu shots. The flu shot is approved for use in people 6 months of age and older, including healthy people, individuals with chronic medical conditions and pregnant women. The same manufacturers who produce seasonal flu shots are producing 2009 H1N1 flu shots for use in the United States this season. The 2009 H1N1 flu shot is being made in the same way that the seasonal flu shot is made.

• http://www.flu.gov/widgets/vaccinelocator.html

  The 2009 H1N1 nasal spray flu vaccine — a vaccine made with live, weakened viruses that do not cause the flu (sometimes called LAIV for “live attenuated influenza vaccine”). The indications for who can get the 2009 H1N1 nasal spray vaccine are the same as for seasonal nasal spray vaccine. LAIV is approved for use in healthy* people 2 years to 49 years of age who are not pregnant. The nasal spray vaccine for use in the United States is being made by MedImmune, the same company that makes the seasonal nasal spray vaccine called “FluMist®.” The 2009 H1N1 nasal spray vaccine is being made in the same way as the seasonal nasal spray vaccine.

About 2 weeks after vaccination, antibodies that provide protection against 2009 H1N1 influenza virus infection will develop in the body.

The 2009 H1N1 vaccine will not protect against seasonal influenza viruses.

The vaccine for 2009 H1N1 flu will be the same for the entire 2009-2010 influenza season, which extends into the spring of 2010. The “2009″ in the name only relates to the year the virus was first identified; it does not have to do with how long the vaccine will work or the year in which it should be administered. The 2009 H1N1 strain is not included in the 2009-2010 seasonal flu vaccine because it was identified after manufacturers had started making the seasonal flu vaccine.

When to Get Vaccinated

Vaccination against 2009 H1N1 should begin now and continue throughout the influenza season, which extends into the spring of 2010. This is because the timing and duration of flu activity can vary. Flu seasons can last as late as April or May. By early October 2009, extensive 2009 H1N1 flu activity was being reported in the United States. It’s possible that there may be waves of 2009 H1N1 activity during the 2009-2010 flu season that hit communities more than once over the course of the season. While 2009 H1N1 influenza virus is the predominant influenza virus in circulation, CDC still expects that seasonal influenza viruses will circulate and continues to recommend that people get a seasonal flu vaccine to protect against seasonal flu viruses. The ACIP has issued separate recommendations on who should get the 2009-10 seasonal vaccine.

Vaccine Supply

Supplies of 2009 H1N1 vaccine continue to increase. More doses are expected for shipment each week. We ask members of the public who want to receive this vaccine to be patient as this program expands and more vaccine continues to become available.

Who Should Get Vaccinated

CDC’s Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), a panel made up of medical and public health experts, met July 29, 2009, to make recommendations on who should receive the 2009 H1N1 vaccine when it becomes available. While the federal government has purchased enough vaccine so that anyone who wants to get vaccinated can, ACIP’s statement on the “Use of Influenza A (H1N1) 2009 Monovalent Vaccine” recommends that vaccination efforts should focus first on people in five target groups who are at higher risk for 2009 H1N1 influenza or related complications, like children, especially those younger than 5 years of age and those who have high risk medical conditions, healthcare and emergency medical personnel who are likely to come in contact with influenza viruses as part of their occupation and could transmit influenza viruses to others in medical care settings, or those who are close contacts of infants younger than 6 months (who are too young to be vaccinated). These five target groups make up an estimated 159 million people in the United States.

For children younger than 10 years of age, CDC recommends that the two doses of 2009 H1N1 vaccine be separated by 4 weeks. However, if the second dose is separated from the first dose by at least 21 days, the second dose can be considered valid.

Late Season Recommendations

Flu season seems to be dying down—Why do people still need a vaccination against 2009 H1N1?

The flu season is not over yet. As recently as January 15, 7 states were still reporting regional flu activity, so flu is still out there. Also, seasonal flu typically peaks in February and March and influenza activity can occur as late as May. So, increased activity from either seasonal flu, 2009 H1N1 or both are still possible this season.
For example, during the 1957-58 pandemic, flu activity dropped in December and January. Public health officials assumed the worst was over, and stopped encouraging people to get vaccinated. Then flu activity increased abruptly in February and March, and hospitalizations and deaths increased as well.

That was an important lesson—even if flu activity dies down in January, as it has this year, the season is not over. It’s still important to get vaccinated against the flu and be as prepared as possible if activity increases again this season.

Is there anyone who should take priority when it comes to getting a flu vaccination?

Right now there is enough vaccine for everyone who hasn’t been vaccinated and wants to be. Children who are 9-years old or younger need two doses of vaccine about a month apart. There is enough vaccine for them as well.

But it is especially important for certain groups of people to get vaccinated. If you have certain underlying health conditions—such as asthma, heart disease, or diabetes—or if you’re pregnant, you’re at greater risk of complications from flu. If you’re over 65, you’re also at risk of complications.

If you’re a health care worker, you should get vaccinated. If you care for or live with an infant under 6 months of age (babies less than 6 months old are too young to be vaccinated), you should get vaccinated, too, to prevent spreading the flu to people who are vulnerable.

Where should I go to get vaccinated against 2009 H1N1?

This is a very good time to get vaccinated. Right now not many people are sick, and there is enough vaccine for everyone who hasn’t been vaccinated yet—including kids 9 years old and younger who need a second dose.

An easy way to find out where vaccine is available in your area is by going to www.flu.gov and clicking on the vaccine locator. In addition, Flu.gov has a new Facebook application—the “Flu Fighter.” It’s one of the site’s many “viral” communication tools to help spread the word that getting a vaccine against 2009 H1N1 is the best way to protect yourself and your friends. When you go to flu.gov please check it out.

Why should flu be taken seriously, even this late in the season?

Flu should never be dismissed as “just the flu.” It’s a serious disease, and while most cases are mild, some can be deadly. On average, seasonal flu is responsible for 36,000 deaths every year in the United States —mainly among people 65 and older.

So far this year, most flu activity has been caused by the 2009 H1N1 virus, which appeared last April and caused the first flu pandemic in 40 years. By the middle of November, we had already seen approximately 47 million cases of 2009 H1N1 flu in the United States, including 213,000 hospitalizations, and just under 10,000 deaths—about a thousand of these deaths were in kids under 18.

Kids never expect to get sick. And some of them were perfectly healthy when they caught the flu. That’s why it’s important not to dismiss this serious disease.

If the second dose of 2009 H1N1 flu vaccine for children under 10 years of age is given over a month after the first dose, is it still considered effective?

Yes. CDC recommends that the two doses of vaccine against 2009 H1N1 influenza virus be separated by 4 weeks. However, if the second dose is separated from the first dose by at least 21 days, the second dose can be considered valid.

Who Should Not Be Vaccinated

There are some people who should not get any flu vaccine without first consulting a physician. These include:

• People who have a severe allergy to chicken eggs.
• People who have had a severe reaction to an influenza vaccination.
• People who developed Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) within 6 weeks of getting an influenza vaccine previously. (For information, see General Questions and Answers on Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS).
• Children younger than 6 months of age (influenza vaccine is not approved for this age group), and
• People who have a moderate-to-severe illness with a fever (they should wait until they recover to get vaccinated.)

Vaccine Effectiveness

The ability of a flu vaccine to protect a person depends on the age and health status of the person getting the vaccine, and the similarity or “match” between the viruses or virus in the vaccine and those in circulation. CDC analyzes circulating inflluenza viruses on an ongoing basis to determine how closely matched they are to vaccine viruses and publishes the information weekly in FluView. In addition, every year CDC monitors vaccine effectiveness. For more information about flu vaccine effectiveness, see How Well Does the Seasonal Vaccine Work?

Vaccine Side Effects (What to Expect)

The same side effects typically associated with the seasonal flu shot and the seasonal nasal spray vaccine are expected with the 2009 H1N1 flu shot and 2009 H1N1 nasal spray vaccine.

These are:

The flu shot: The viruses in the flu shot are killed (inactivated), so you cannot get the flu from a flu shot. Some minor side effects that could occur are:

• Soreness, redness, or swelling where the shot was given
• Fever (low grade)
• Aches

If these problems occur, they begin soon after the shot, are usually mild, and usually last 1 to 2 days. Almost all people who receive influenza vaccine have no serious problems from it. However, on rare occasions, flu vaccination can cause serious problems, such as severe allergic reactions.

The nasal spray: The viruses in the nasal-spray vaccine are weakened and do not cause severe symptoms often associated with influenza illness. (In clinical studies, transmission of vaccine viruses to close contacts has occurred only rarely.)
In children, side effects from LAIV can include:

• runny nose
• wheezing
• headache
• vomiting
• muscle aches
• fever

In adults, side effects from LAIV can include

• runny nose
• headache
• sore throat
• cough

For more information about vaccine side effects and safety see General Questions and Answers on 2009 H1N1 Influenza Vaccine Safety.

Reuters – U.S. stocks could be in for a bumpy ride this week as three Dow components kick off the quarterly earnings reporting season, with investors clamoring for reassurances on future profits.

AP – The stock market rally is aging, and the surest sign is that investors are migrating to stocks that missed out on 2009’s big run.

AFP – Wall Street opened 2010 riding momentum from last year’s strong rally even as doubts emerge about the market in view of an uncertain pace of recovery from the brutal recession.

AP – Edward Shook can’t resist a bull market.

AP – A disappointing jobs report couldn’t stop the stock market from having a strong start to the new year. Stocks zigzagged for much of Friday but closed higher as investors took in stride the Labor Department’s news that employers cut 85,000 jobs in December, far more than the 8,000 analysts expected. The disappointing numbers were offset by a pleasant surprise: November’s report was revised to show the first job gains in nearly two years.

AP – A disappointing jobs report couldn’t stop the stock market from having a strong start to the new year.

Investor’s Business Daily – Gold-mining stocks took some hard shots after the U.S. dollar began to strengthen in early December.

Reuters – U.S. stocks rose on Friday after trading in the red most of the day as investors concluded weak December jobs data wouldn’t interrupt a trend of steady economic recovery.